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For over 80 years, the National Society of Professional Engineers
(NSPE) has been a leader in the promotion of ethical practice
within the field of engineering. One of the Society's greatest
contributions is the formation and adoption of the NSPE Code of
Ethics. But the code, with its six "Fundamental Canons," is only
truly instructive if engineers can bridge the gap between
principles and action. Here there is no substitute for personal
reflection on the ethical and philosophical issues that underlie
the code. If done well, such reflection provides an indispensable
basis for moral problem solving. Beyond the Code: A Philosophical
Guide to Engineering Ethics is designed to complement the NSPE Code
of Ethics by helping readers "go beyond" in their understanding of
the philosophical issues bound up in the code. Each chapter
addresses one of the Fundamental Canons of the NSPE code, and
provides a philosophical analysis of the various parts of each
canon by employing contemporary and classical texts. This unique
approach to engineering ethics guides students and professionals in
their readings of the appended selections to refine their
understanding of the code in order to apply it to the practical
challenges of today's engineers. Key Features: Is the first
introduction to engineering ethics that helps students understand
and apply the NSPE Code of Ethics to engineering practice Includes
a Preface from Arthur E. Schwartz, NSPE Deputy Executive Director
and General Counsel, and NAFE Executive Director As a hybrid text,
includes primary philosophical texts with extensive introductions
and guided reading questions from the book's three authors Offers
case studies from the NSPE Board of Ethical Review, allowing
students to see a direct connection between the issues discussed in
the text and real-world engineering practice Includes the following
pedagogical aids: "Key Terms and Concepts" for each chapter
"Preparing to Read" sections before each primary source reading
"Guided Reading Questions" after each primary source reading "Going
Beyond-Our Questions for a Deep Dive" after each case study.
For over 80 years, the National Society of Professional Engineers
(NSPE) has been a leader in the promotion of ethical practice
within the field of engineering. One of the Society's greatest
contributions is the formation and adoption of the NSPE Code of
Ethics. But the code, with its six "Fundamental Canons," is only
truly instructive if engineers can bridge the gap between
principles and action. Here there is no substitute for personal
reflection on the ethical and philosophical issues that underlie
the code. If done well, such reflection provides an indispensable
basis for moral problem solving. Beyond the Code: A Philosophical
Guide to Engineering Ethics is designed to complement the NSPE Code
of Ethics by helping readers "go beyond" in their understanding of
the philosophical issues bound up in the code. Each chapter
addresses one of the Fundamental Canons of the NSPE code, and
provides a philosophical analysis of the various parts of each
canon by employing contemporary and classical texts. This unique
approach to engineering ethics guides students and professionals in
their readings of the appended selections to refine their
understanding of the code in order to apply it to the practical
challenges of today's engineers. Key Features: Is the first
introduction to engineering ethics that helps students understand
and apply the NSPE Code of Ethics to engineering practice Includes
a Preface from Arthur E. Schwartz, NSPE Deputy Executive Director
and General Counsel, and NAFE Executive Director As a hybrid text,
includes primary philosophical texts with extensive introductions
and guided reading questions from the book's three authors Offers
case studies from the NSPE Board of Ethical Review, allowing
students to see a direct connection between the issues discussed in
the text and real-world engineering practice Includes the following
pedagogical aids: "Key Terms and Concepts" for each chapter
"Preparing to Read" sections before each primary source reading
"Guided Reading Questions" after each primary source reading "Going
Beyond-Our Questions for a Deep Dive" after each case study.
In this book, Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa and a
region in the lowest income group per capita, is used to
demonstrate the potential for healthcare reorganization and
collaboration with the introduction of "successful" technologies
centered around available, bio-compatible, and sustainable natural
resources. Our book discusses three of the top killers of children
under 5 years of age in Nigeria, pneumonia (20%), diarrheal
diseases (15%), and traumatic injuries (4%). These conditions are
used as examples to demonstrate the potential for improved
pediatric outcomes with treatments engineered from sustainable and
natural resources. Furthermore, this book outlines possible action
items that can help drive economic growth, educational
opportunities, collaborative outreach, and workforce productivity
to build a healthy and sustainable community. Medical technology in
the industrialized world has seen rapid advancements leading to
increased survival and greater patient outcomes. However, the
development and implementation of these resources is not always
applicable to regions in need of new and more basic ways to provide
treatment. Moore's Law, a paradigm that considers advancement
synonymous with increased digitization and optimization of
electronic processes, defines the history of technology. However,
the functionality of advanced and "smart" technology is essentially
useless in underdeveloped areas. These regions lack some of the
basic requirements for innovative medical technologies to impact
human health, such as electricity, access to spare parts, computer
analysis tools, and network architecture. In addition, the poor
physical infrastructure, insufficient management, and lack of
technical culture are barriers for entry and sustainability of
these technologies. Rather than importing medical devices from
industrialized countries, we propose that the mindset and research
focus for under developed areas must be on "successful"
technologies. Simply put, these areas need technology that "gets
the job done."
Current pharmaceutical and clinical approaches to the treatment of
disease suffer from the inherent limitations in the specialization
of drugs introduced to physiological systems. The interface of
clinical and material sciences has allowed for a broad spectrum of
creative approaches with the potential to alleviate these
shortcomings. However, the synergy of these disciplines also
presents problems in which nascent technology lacks the necessary
evaluation within its intended clinical environment. Given the
growing potential for materials science to address a number of
unanswered therapeutic needs, it remains even more pressing to
validate emerging drug delivery technologies in actual clinical
environments. Drug Delivery: Materials Design and Clinical
Perspective addresses the core fundamentals of drug delivery using
material science and engineering principles, and then applies this
knowledge using prominent examples from both the scientific
literature and clinical practice. Each chapter focuses on a
specific drug delivery technology, such as controlled-release
materials, thin-film materials, or smart materials. Within each
chapter, an initial section on "Engineering Concepts" reviews the
relevant fundamental principles that guide rational design. The
following section on "Materials Design" discusses how the design
process applies engineering concepts for use in physiological
systems. A third section on "Implementation" discusses current
approaches in the literature which have demonstrated effective drug
delivery in controlled environments. Finally, each chapter contains
several sections on "Clinical Applications" which describe the
validity of materials approaches from a clinical perspective; these
sections review the safety and efficacy of drug delivery systems
for specific, compelling medical applications. The book thereby
bridges materials science with clinical medicine, and provides the
reader with a bench-to-bedside view of novel drug delivery systems.
* Provides a comprehensive description of drug delivery systems
from a materials perspective * Includes a wide-ranging discussion
of clinical applications of drug delivery systems * Presents
separate chapters on controlled release materials, thin film
materials, self-microemulsifying materials, smart materials, etc. *
Covers fundamental engineering principles, rational materials
design, implementation testing, and clinical applications for each
material type
This book investigates the potential medical benefits natural
biomaterials can offer in developing countries by analyzing the
case of Bolivia. The book explores the medical and health related
applications of Bolivian commodities: quinoa, barley, sugarcane,
corn, sorghum and sunflower seeds. This book helps readers better
understand some of the key health concerns facing countries like
Bolivia and how naturally derived biomaterials and therapeutics
could help substantially alleviate many of their problems.
Current pharmaceutical and clinical approaches to the treatment of
disease suffer from the inherent limitations in the specialization
of drugs introduced to physiological systems. The interface of
clinical and material sciences has allowed for a broad spectrum of
creative approaches with the potential to alleviate these
shortcomings. However, the synergy of these disciplines also
presents problems in which nascent technology lacks the necessary
evaluation within its intended clinical environment. Given the
growing potential for materials science to address a number of
unanswered therapeutic needs, it remains even more pressing to
validate emerging drug delivery technologies in actual clinical
environments. Drug Delivery: Materials Design and Clinical
Perspective addresses the core fundamentals of drug delivery using
material science and engineering principles, and then applies this
knowledge using prominent examples from both the scientific
literature and clinical practice. Each chapter focuses on a
specific drug delivery technology, such as controlled-release
materials, thin-film materials, or smart materials. Within each
chapter, an initial section on "Engineering Concepts" reviews the
relevant fundamental principles that guide rational design. The
following section on "Materials Design" discusses how the design
process applies engineering concepts for use in physiological
systems. A third section on "Implementation" discusses current
approaches in the literature which have demonstrated effective drug
delivery in controlled environments. Finally, each chapter contains
several sections on "Clinical Applications" which describe the
validity of materials approaches from a clinical perspective; these
sections review the safety and efficacy of drug delivery systems
for specific, compelling medical applications. The book thereby
bridges materials science with clinical medicine, and provides the
reader with a bench-to-bedside view of novel drug delivery systems.
* Provides a comprehensive description of drug delivery systems
from a materials perspective * Includes a wide-ranging discussion
of clinical applications of drug delivery systems * Presents
separate chapters on controlled release materials, thin film
materials, self-microemulsifying materials, smart materials, etc. *
Covers fundamental engineering principles, rational materials
design, implementation testing, and clinical applications for each
material type
Biomaterials for Clinical Applications is organized according to
the World Health Organization's report of the top 11 causes of
death worldwide, and lays out opportunities for both biomaterials
scientists and physicians to tackle each of these leading
contributors to mortality. The introductory chapter discusses the
global burden of disease. Each of the subsequent eleven chapters
focuses on a specific disease process, beginning with the leading
cause of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease. The chapters
start with describing diseases where clinical needs are most
pressing, and then envisions how biomaterials can be designed to
address these needs, instead of the more technologically centered
approached favored by most books in the field. This book, then,
should appeal to chemical engineers and bioengineers who are
designing new biomaterials for drug delivery and vaccine delivery,
as well as tissue engineering.
Regeneration of tissues and organs remains one of the great
challenges of clinical medicine, and physicians are constantly
seeking better methods for tissue repair and replacement. Tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine have been investigated for
virtually every organ system in the human body, and progress is
made possible by advances in materials science, polymer chemistry,
and molecular biology. This book reviews the current status of
biomaterials for regenerative medicine, and highlights advances in
both basic science and clinical practice. The latest methods for
regulating the biological and chemical composition of biomaterials
are described, together with techniques for modulating mechanical
properties of engineered constructs. Contributors delineate methods
for guiding the host response to implantable materials, and explain
the use of biologically-inspired materials for optimal biological
functionality and compatibility. The book culminates in a
discussion of the clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
By integrating engineering and clinical medicine, Engineering
Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine examines how tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine can be translated into
successful therapies to bridge the gap between laboratory and
clinic. The book will aid materials scientists and engineers in
identifying research priorities to fulfill clinical needs, and will
also enable physicians to understand novel biomaterials that are
emerging in the clinic. This integrated approach also gives
engineering students a sense of the excitement and relevance of
materials science in the development of novel therapeutic
strategies.
This book advances biomedical innovations to address the plethora
of health problems afflicting the developing world. A panoply of
cultural, economic, infrastructural, and other factors prevent many
interventions currently popular in the developed world from being
similarly effective in the developing world. This book discusses
less-traditional approaches, such as naturally based biomaterials
and therapeutics, an area that has traditionally been overlooked
but has also demonstrated impressive potential for health
applications in recent years. This book explores precisely the
kinds of applications which can enable countries like India to
access more effective, inexpensive treatments while also taking
more ownership of their healthcare technologies and innovations.
This book focuses on the adoption of medical technology in the
developing world, and the role that can be played by new
biomaterials. These authors urge that advanced technology be
aligned with the needs of developing and emerging markets, and an
alternative definition of technology be embraced. This "new
technology" considers natural sources of materials and tools for
treatment and is not restricted to the usual traditional
computerized or electronic technology. This book explores the
difficulties that accompany successful transfer of technologies
between disparate settings. The book then leaves the world of
traditional technology and focuses on biomaterials, which represent
an enormous opportunity for developing societies to become active
participants in the development of new technologies. Biomaterials
can be used in the treatment of disease throughout the developing
world and beyond. Biomaterials encompass a range of naturally
derived substances; of particular interest here are naturally
derived and synthetically manufactured materials with potential
applications in different body systems. Because many of these
materials can be grown, the agricultural output of developing
nations is an obvious potential source of these biomaterials. The
book considers the cases of Ghana and Nicaragua as examples of the
broader situation in West Africa and Central/South America. These
two regions are uniquely positioned with regard to both health care
and technological capabilities, and both stand to grow
significantly in the coming years. While the agricultural sectors
of the two nations are quite different, both are major producers of
corn and other materials that should be investigated further. Of
course, the difficulty in using a foodstuff for medical purposes is
fully explored.
Biomaterials for Clinical Applications is organized according to
the World Health Organization 's report of the top 11 causes of
death worldwide, and lays out opportunities for both biomaterials
scientists and physicians to tackle each of these leading
contributors to mortality. The introductory chapter discusses the
global burden of disease. Each of the subsequent eleven chapters
focuses on a specific disease process, beginning with the leading
cause of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease. The chapters
start with describing diseases where clinical needs are most
pressing, and then envisions how biomaterials can be designed to
address these needs, instead of the more technologically centered
approached favored by most books in the field. This book, then,
should appeal to chemical engineers and bioengineers who are
designing new biomaterials for drug delivery and vaccine delivery,
as well as tissue engineering.
Regeneration of tissues and organs remains one of the great
challenges of clinical medicine, and physicians are constantly
seeking better methods for tissue repair and replacement. Tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine have been investigated for
virtually every organ system in the human body, and progress is
made possible by advances in materials science, polymer chemistry,
and molecular biology. This book reviews the current status of
biomaterials for regenerative medicine, and highlights advances in
both basic science and clinical practice. The latest methods for
regulating the biological and chemical composition of biomaterials
are described, together with techniques for modulating mechanical
properties of engineered constructs. Contributors delineate methods
for guiding the host response to implantable materials, and explain
the use of biologically-inspired materials for optimal biological
functionality and compatibility. The book culminates in a
discussion of the clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
By integrating engineering and clinical medicine, Engineering
Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine examines how tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine can be translated into
successful therapies to bridge the gap between laboratory and
clinic. The book will aid materials scientists and engineers in
identifying research priorities to fulfill clinical needs, and will
also enable physicians to understand novel biomaterials that are
emerging in the clinic. This integrated approach also gives
engineering students a sense of the excitement and relevance of
materials science in the development of novel therapeutic
strategies.
Throughout history, humanity has been plagued by a myriad of
humanitarian crises that seemingly take the form of perpetual human
suffering. Today, approximately 125,000,000 people require
humanitarian assistance as the result of famine, war, geopolitical
conflict, and natural disasters. A core component of this suffering
is afflictions related to human health, where disturbances strain
or overwhelm the existing healthcare infrastructure to create the
conditions for an increase in morbidities and co-morbidities. One
of the more startling elements is the loss of life to preventable
medical conditions that were not properly treated or even diagnosed
in the field, and is often due to the limited interventional
capacity that medical teams and humanitarian practitioners have in
these scenarios. These individuals are often hindered by medical
equipment deficiencies or devices not meant to function in austere
conditions. The development of highly versatile, feasible, and
cost-effective medical devices and technologies that can be
deployed in the field is essential to enhancing medical care in
unconventional settings. In this book we examine the nature of the
creative problem-solving paradigm, and dissect the intersection of
frugal, disruptive, open, and reverse innovation processes in
advancing humanitarian medicine. Specifically, we examine the
feasible deployment of these devices and technologies in
unconventional environments not only by humanitarian aid and
disaster relief agencies, but also by crisis-affected communities
themselves. The challenge is complex, but the financial support and
technical development of innovative solutions for the delivery of
humanitarian aid is a process in which everyone is a stakeholder.
This book examines the potential to deploy low-cost,
three-dimensional printers known as RepRaps in developing countries
to fabricate surgical instruments and medical supplies to combat
the "global surgical burden of disease." Approximately two billion
people in developing countries around the world lack access to
essential surgical services, resulting in the avoidable deaths of
millions of individuals each year. A fundamental barrier that
inhibits access to surgical care in these locations is the lack of
basic surgical instruments and supplies in healthcare facilities.
RepRap printers are highly versatile 3D printers assembled from
basic, domestically sourced materials that can fabricate low-cost
surgical instruments on-site, ultimately enhancing the
interventional capacity of healthcare facilities to treat patients.
Rather than focusing on one specific field of interest, this book
takes an integrative approach that incorporates topics and methods
from multiple disciplines ranging from global health and
development economics to materials science and applied engineering.
These topics include the feasibility of using bio-based plastics to
fabricate surgical instruments via 3D printing sustainably, the
application of "frugal innovation and engineering" in resource-poor
settings, and analyses related to the social returns on investment,
barriers to entry, and current and future medical device
supply-chain paradigms. In taking a multi-disciplinary approach,
the reader can gain a holistic understanding of the multiple facets
related to implementing medical device innovations in developing
countries.
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